Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.)

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Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) Is one kind of plant belonging to Zingiberaceae tribe. Zingiber name is derived from the Sanskrit "singabera" (Rosengarten ***3) and the Greek "zingiberi" (Purseglove et al. ***1), which means horn, because the ginger rhizome-like shape of antlers. Officinale is Latin (officina) which is meant to be used in the pharmaceutical or medical treatment (Janson ***1).

Ginger is known by the common name (English) ginger or ginger garden. Ginger name comes from French: gingembre, Old English: gingifere, Latin: ginginer, Greece (Greek): zingiberis (¶ ³ ¹ ² ³ ¯ μ ¹ ). But the original word of Zingiber derived from Tamil inji ver. The botanical term for roots in the Tamil language is ver, so root inji is inji ver. In Indonesia, ginger has a variety of local names. In Sumatra called ginger (Aceh), beuing (Gayo), bahing (Karo), pege (Toba), sipode (Mandailaing), Lahia (Nias), sipodeh (Minangkabau), page (Lubu), and jahi (Lampung). In Java, known as ginger ginger (Sunda), jae (Java), jhai (Madura), and jae (Kangean). In Sulawesi, ginger known as wilt (Mongondow), moyuman (Axis), Melito (Gorontalo), Yuyo (Buol), Siwei (Baree), Laia (Makassar), and pace (Bugis). In Nusa Tenggara, called jae (Bali), parings (Bima), alia (Sumba), and lea (Flores). In Borneo (Dayak), ginger known as lai, in Banjarmasin called tipakan. In Maluku, ginger is called hairalo (Amahai), anthill, seeia, sehi (Ambon), sehi (Hila), sehil (Nusalaut), siwew (Buns), garaka (Ternate), gora (Tidore), and judgments (Aru). In Papua, ginger is called rope (Kalanapat) and Marman (Kapaur). The existence of local names of ginger in various regions in Indonesia shows the spread of ginger covering the entire territory of Indonesia. Because ginger can only survive in the tropics, planting can only be done in the equatorial regions such as Southeast Asia, Brazil, and Africa. Currently Ecuador and Brazil become the world's largest supplier of ginger. In plant systematics, ginger plants included in the kingdom Plantae, Subkingdom Tracheobionta, Superdivisi: Spermatophyta Division: Magnoliophyta / Pteridophyyta, Subdivision: Angiospermae, Class: Liliopsida-Monocotyledoneae, Subkelass: Zingiberidae, Order: Zingiberales, Tribe / Family: Zingiberaceae, Genus: Zingiber P. Mill. Species: Zingiber officinale (Roscoe, ***7) (US National Plant Database ***4). Ginger is a name synonymous: Amomum angustifolium Salisb., And Amomum zingiber L. There are about *7 genera and 1,**0 species of plants that are included in the Zingiberaceae tribe, which spread throughout the tropics and sub-tropics. Zingiber deployment of the earth's most eastern hemisphere, particularly Indo Malayan which is home to most of the genus Zingiber (Lawrence ***1: Purseglove ***2). In Southeast Asia was found about ****0 types of Zingiber are estimated to come from India, Malaya and Papua. But until now, the origin of the ginger plant is unknown. Ginger is likely to come from China and India (Grieve ***1; Vermeulen ***9), but the vast genetic diversity found in Myanmar (Jatoi et al. ***8) and India, which is thought to be the center of diversity of ginger (Ravindran et al., ***5). Ginger has a chromosome number of 2n = 2x = *2, but some cultivars ginger known as polyploid (Kubitzki, ***8). Darlington and Ammal (***5) in Peter et al. (***7) reported that there is a kind of Z. officinale has a chromosome number as many as *8. Darlington and Wylie (***5) also stated that there are two chromosomes ginger Rachmandran B. (***9) conducted an analysis cytology at 5 Zingiber species and found in all species have a number chromosomes 2n = *2. Ratnabal (***9) identified the karyotype *2 cultivars ginger (Z. officinale) and found the whole ginger cultivars have somatic chromosome was *2 and was also found that the presence of asymmetric chromosome (chromosome B) in all cultivars except cultivars Bangkok and Jorhat. Beltram and Kam (***4) in Peter et al. (***7) observed 9 Zingiber spp. and found that Z. officinale are aneuploid (2n = *4), polyploid (2n = *6) and there are B chromosomes (2n = *2+ 2B). But Etikawati and Setiawan (***0), Z. officinale small white ginger cultivars (CVD), elephants and red has a chromosome number of 2n = *2. Eksomtramage et al. (***2) observed the number of chromosome 3 Z. officinale species from Thailand and find 2n = 2x = *2. Yulianto (***0) state the number of chromosomes white ginger and red ginger ie, 2n = *4 = *2+ 2B. Rachmandran (***9) conducted an analysis cytology at 5 Zingiber species, in addition to finding the number of chromosomes in all species 2n = *2 also prove the existence of the structure of crossovers due to the inversion events. Observations on the metaphase stage of mitosis found that ginger diploid (2n = 2x = *2) had an average length of chromosome **8.*2 ¼ ¼ m and a width of 5.*2 m. The ratio of the longest and shortest chromosome arm is 2:*6: 1, almost *5, 5% chromosome has two arms and there are two different chromosomes (Zhi-min et al. ***6). The variation in the number of chromosomes is a mechanism of adaptation and species formation in plants. It is also a cause of genetic variation on the ginger. In addition, the discovery of the structure of crossovers is suspected to be the cause of the low fertility of pollen that causes the formation of fruits and seeds in ginger are rare.
there are three types of ginger in the market
Ginger elephant / rhino Ginger: Ginger is the most favored in the international market. Great shape fat and it's not too spicy. Flesh is yellow to white rhizomes
Red Ginger: Ginger species has a high content of essential oils and most spicy flavor, making it suitable for pharmaceutical and herbal ingredients. The size of the smallest rhizome with red leather, fiber larger than regular ginger.
Yellow Ginger: Ginger is widely used as a spice in cooking, especially for local consumption. The taste and aroma quite sharp. Size rhizomes are in yellow.