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Jet fuels are primarily derived from crude oil, the common name for liquid petroleum. These jet fuels
can be referred to as petroleum-derived jet fuels. Jet fuels can also originate from an organic material
found in shale, called kerogen or petroleum solids: that can be converted by heat to shale oil. Jet fuels
from this source are called shale-derived jet fuels (Hoffman ***3). Jet fuels are typically made by
blending and refining various crude oil petroleum distillation products such as naphtha, gasoline, or
kerosene in order to meet specific military or commercial specifications (Air Force ***9b). Since
there is great variability in the concentrations of major components of crude oil, there is also a great
variation in the final jet fuel product (Air Force ***9b). Therefore, there are many types of each jet
fuel, and each jet fuel is not specified by chemical composition (Air Force ***9b; CRC ***4). JP*4 is
a naphtha-type fuel made by blending straight-run kerosene streams with lower boiling distillates to fit
the specifications given in Table **6 (Air Force ***9b; IARC ***9). JP*4 is known as a wide-cut
fuel; it is made from the distillation products obtained over a wide range of temperatures and has a
broad spectrum of hydrocarbon chain lengths varying from C4 to C*6 (Air Force ***9b; CONCAWE
***5).

Aviation turbine fuels such as JP*4 and JP*7 were not used until the ***0s when the first turbojet
engine was developed (IARC ***9). Jet-powered aircraft had only limited use in World War II, but
further military and commercial developments brought jet engines to the forefront as power sources
for aircraft in the ***0s. The Air Force has used turbine-powered aircraft, which require the use of
aviation turbine fuels such as JP*4 and JP*7, for over *5 years (Gleason and Martone ***9)