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1. Cobalt Sulfate (CoSO4) Chemical Structure and Properties: - Cobalt sulfate typically exists in the form of CoSO4.7H2O, a heptahydrate form. - It appears as red crystals or granules that are soluble in water and methanol. - The anhydrous form is a reddish-pink powder. Production: - It is commonly produced by the reaction of cobalt metal or cobalt oxide/hydroxide with sulfuric acid. Applications: - Batteries: A crucial component in the manufacture of batteries, especially in lithium-ion batteries as part of the cathode material. - Pigments: Used in the production of cobalt pigments, which are known for their rich blue and green colors. - Animal Feed: As a micro-nutrient in animal feed, especially for sheep and cattle. - Catalysts: In certain catalytic applications for petroleum and chemical processes. - Other Uses: In electroplating, as a drying agent in inks and paints, and in agriculture as a soil additive. 2. Nickel Sulfate (NiSO4) Chemical Structure and Properties: - Nickel sulfate usually comes in the form of NiSO4.6H2O, a hexahydrate. - It is a blue to green crystalline solid that is soluble in water and slightly soluble in ethanol. - The anhydrous form is a yellow powder. Production: - Produced by dissolving nickel oxides in sulfuric acid, often as a byproduct of nickel refining. Applications: - Electroplating: Widely used in nickel plating for corrosion protection and decorative purposes. - Batteries: An important component in nickel-metal hydride batteries. - Catalysts: In various catalytic applications, including chemical synthesis. - Other Uses: In the manufacture of other nickel salts, as a mordant in dyeing and printing textiles, and in certain types of welding. 3. Copper Sulfate (CuSO4) Chemical Structure and Properties: - Commonly seen as copper sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO4.5H2O), which is a bright blue crystal. - Soluble in water and slightly soluble in methanol. Insoluble in ethanol. - The anhydrous form is a pale green or gray-white powder. Production: - Produced by the reaction of copper metal with hot, concentrated sulfuric acid or by treating copper-containing materials with sulfuric acid. Applications: - Agriculture: As a fungicide and herbicide, especially in Bordeaux mixture for grapevines. - Aquaculture: Used to control algae and parasitic infections in aquaculture systems. - Chemical Industry: In the production of other copper compounds and as a reagent in chemical reactions. - Education: Commonly used in school laboratories for crystal growth experiments and as a test for water hardness. - Other Uses: In electroplating, as a mordant in dyeing, and in leather industry.